Index

Abstract

Social entrepreneurship is the fastest growing field in the world. Social entrepreneurship is a fundamental kind of enterprise that helps to boost the society along with the economy of any nation. Social entrepreneurship is gaining attention in Pakistan as well; however, the development is still moderate. It has gotten a progressive modification in Pakistan up to some extent, in term of innovation in the market, enhancing the social investment or trade, creating job opportunities and alleviation of poverty. Social entrepreneurship is crucial to open the growth and economic inclusion, for rising economies such as Pakistan. Economy and social models of Pakistan demands to revamp it. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate that what are the essential confronts and difficulties faced by social entrepreneurship in the limits of Pakistan and how social entrepreneurship could add in building up the economy of Pakistan?. Social business enterprise is a part of the social economy whereas social economy is a part of economic realism.

Keywords: Economy, Growth, Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Social entrepreneurship.

Received: 24 May 2017 / Revised: 15 August 2017 / Accepted: 21 August 2017/ Published: 28 August 2017

Contribution/ Originality

This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the role of social entrepreneurship and its impact on economy in the context of Pakistan.

1. INTRODUCTION

It is generally perceived that entrepreneurship is the essential driver of job creation, economic growth and wealth for any nation such as (Bates and Dunham, 1993; Oviatt and McDougall, 1997; Thurik and Wennekers, 2004; Kim et al., 2018). The correlation between entrepreneurship and economic growth dates back to 1934 (Schumpter, 1934). Since then the countries are concentrating their endeavors on improving the entrepreneurial activities to boost economic development. The term social entrepreneurship is picking up prominence in its regions of advancement, however, it might be generally innovative in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Social entrepreneurship is crucial to open the growth and monetary inclusion, for rising economies such as Pakistan. Economy and Social models of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan demands to reconsider it. We require development that is anchored, greener and fairer, in the nation over the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, social entrepreneurs/entrepreneurship are perceived as a vehicle for social and economic coherence. It constructs a pluralistic and flexible social market economy, in the nation. Social enterprises give innovative products and services, create opportunities and hope for the future, create jobs and promote a sustainable economy. Social entrepreneurship (SE) is specialists in progress, who are energetic to enhance the lives of individuals.

As indicated by the Commission on Social Entrepreneurship & Innovation (Genius, 2016) "An activity encouraging social entrepreneurs around the world regardless of the nation's political and social unrest, It offers chances and opportunities for Investment and Innovations." Patel Shaving, Commission Director, I-genius, spoken that "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a place where there are fresh chances to succeed for innovation and social entrepreneurship, in spite of media consideration in the west on everything awful in the district we found a nation advancing through moderate yet huge positive changes."

"Business area in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan gives in eighty percent of non-farm employment, contributes forty percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and has a twenty-five percent share in the nation's exports" (Khan, 2016). According to the survey by Economist Intelligence Unit (2017) "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan positioned 1st in Asia and 3rd on the planet for a sound smaller scale back, business environment." Moreover, the report of the I-genius elaborates " making a Social Investment Fund in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan can give individuals from Diaspora, local and International societies an opportunity to Invest in high potential social Initiatives.

The aim of the study is (1) to comprehend the term Social Entrepreneurship (2) to show the main confronts faced by Social Entrepreneurship in context of Islamic Republic of Pakistan (3) and to discover that how Social Entrepreneurship (SE) can add in building up the economy of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

1.1. Social Entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is an important ingredient in the present business education environment and contributes significantly to the overall well-being of society. Solving business problems for underserved and resource-constrained communities relies upon how well current business leaders comprehend the effect of their services and products. In today’s global economy, there is a developing requirement for business leaders to adopt services, strategies, and products that take allow for an increase in economic value as well as social value. Consequently, social entrepreneurship gives a vital system for concentrating on human needs and understanding of social value.

Research on entrepreneurship highlights its importance in economic growth and development (Schumpter, 1934; Shane, 2007; Headd and Kirchhoff, 2009; Kirchhoff et al., 2013).  

Social entrepreneurship is valuable in commercialization environments prevalent in developing economies as it refers to an ability to leverage resources and specifically address social problems (Goldstein et al., 2008; Zahra et al., 2009; Dacin et al., 2010). Often, entrepreneurial endeavors are stymied by an absence of accessible capital in developing countries because of inadequate demand.

In this way expanding the cost and risk of innovation (Walsh, 2012). Thus, other entities such as academic institutions and non-governmental organizations may assume a social entrepreneurship role to make it possible for successful innovation. Definitions of social entrepreneurship highlight four key factors, the personality of individual social entrepreneurs, the procedures and assets used by them and the main goal, actions, and results associated with them, their operating sector (Dacin et al., 2010). According to Zahra et al. (2009) they propose three classifications for the social entrepreneurs, social constructionist and social engineer.

1.2. Differentiation between Business Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship

Business entrepreneurship (BE)andsocial entrepreneurship (SE) resemble two wings of a flying creature. As a feathered creature can't fly without wings, correspondingly no one can make a superior civilization by concentrating just on one kind of enterprise. The limits among SE and BE are getting to be hazy these days. All the divisions of the civilization with open, public, private and Non-Governmental Organizations are in the procedure of re-concocting to meet up the current substances. People in general cooperative attitude is no more considered an obligation of government and Non-Governmental Organizations as it were. Business entrepreneurs are pushed to contribute environmentally and socially.

The similarities between Social and Business entrepreneurship are presented in Table 1 while the difference between them is shown in Table 2.

Table-1. Similarities between Social and Business Entrepreneurship

Similarities
Social and Business Entrepreneurship	Risk-takers
	Organizational Builder
	Dreamers
	Relationship Builder
	Imaginative

Source: Youth Engagement Services (YES) Network Pakistan

One much of the time asked the question is for what reason people in business are not treated as social entrepreneurs? They give pay, taxes, employment, and perks. They are common in that manner however the distinction is true regarding what they need to amplify. The fundamental contrast amongst BE and SE is of why they do it instead of why they do. Someone should conduct an inquiry for what good reason there are such a large number of health and educational institutions available in cities? What is the reason behind building up these organizations? Business entrepreneurs put economic value first, and social Entrepreneurship puts social value first. It doesn't imply that social entrepreneurs don't give priority to economic value, they give but after social always.

Table-2. Difference between Social and Business Entrepreneurship'

	Social Entrepreneurship	Business Entrepreneurship
Market Conditions	Low or no market conditions for financial and social impact	Promising market  conditions for profit
Situation	Works in an unstable and risky situation	Works in a risk-free & stable situation
Purpose	Economic and Social value creation	Economic esteem formation
Ideal Methods	Teamwork, care, and admiration	Rules & Regulations
Use of Income/Profit	Re-investment in the organization	Distribution among Shareholders
Measurement of Success	Social change	Wealth creation

Source: Youth Engagement Services (YES) Network Pakistan

1.3. Several Advantages Enjoyed by Social Entrepreneurs over Business Entrepreneurs

Social Entrepreneurs have a greater number of chances to make and convey than Business Entrepreneurs. Social Entrepreneurs don't sit tight for the ideal environment and time. Beside this, Business Entrepreneurs (BE) require legitimate stag for performance. They require a stable condition and situation to work. SE create conditions and take their atmosphere by themselves.

Social Entrepreneurs don't work with fear. They get included specifically to excite support and assets for themselves. Business Entrepreneurs work with numerous feelings of trepidation including terrorism, the breakdown of law and order and political turmoil, etc. These feelings of trepidation influence their culpable. Venturesome individuals grow profoundly motivated and targeted group by conveying their idea in them. SE affix esoteric sources, for example, commitment, resolve passion, sacrifice, appreciation, and care in creating solid groups of specialists.

Venturesome individuals have the opportunity to replace all the wage again into the SE keeping in mind the end goal to connect with new markets, groups of onlookers and spots, while the Business Entrepreneurs will undoubtedly disseminate benefits to investors. Social Entrepreneurs utilize individual administration and commitments to accomplish their main goal. BE affix position and power to accomplish the objectives.

Social Entrepreneurs (SE) create solid security among societies. These societies give numerous sorts of help (in-kind, money, and so forth.) to SE. BE has no genuine association with the networks. SE deal with local matters of worldwide pertinence. It helps out them to pull in financing from contributor organizations that are also managing these issues.

Social Entrepreneurs (SE) move exceptionally able and experienced individuals from various areas to provide services as volunteers, consultants and members of the board at a very low fee or no fee. Business Entrepreneurs think that it's exceptionally hard to acquire the assistance of other individuals at low or no price. They need to give a huge cost for it. Social Entrepreneurs (SE) create faithful purchasers that wish to buy their services or products as a result of their main goal. The clients of Business Entrepreneurs have no permanent affiliation and loyalty.

1.4. Differentiation between Nonprofit Organizations and Social Entrepreneurship 

An issue which is illuminated by grants and donations will be prone to return. An issue is resolved enduringly just when individual assistance like determination, idea, opinion, and obligation are enforced". The social venture has a strong relationship with non-governmental organizations as they are community-centered associations. For any social venture, a common plan is a definitive objective. They provide 1st inclination to community esteem formation and 2nd to prosperity formation. The primary cause of Social ventures to produce revenue to follow their environmental and social objectives autonomously. The income made by Social Enterprises (SE) is utilized for the enhancement, betterment, and expansion of the community or the general public.

The greatest contrast between NGOs and Social Enterprises is the basis of their income. The non-governmental organizations depend only on charitable contributions, donations, and grants. The Social Enterprises sought after both unearned and earned earning plans. Social ventures are recognized as “hybrid associations” comprising multiple (economic and social) or threefold (economic, environmental and social) main concerns. The achievement and execution of a Social venture are estimated by taking a gander at the twofold or threefold primary concerns. The accomplishment of NGOs is estimated on the community esteem conveyed.
A lot of push aspects that are making ready for social venture improvement crosswise the nation. It incorporates a decrease in unqualified monetary assistance,aids, and funding. SE will keep on flourishing normally and unwittingly because of the decrease out in the open financing and powerlessness of non-governmental organizations to produce funds by their own. There are numerous cases of non-governmental organizations occupied with income producing activities because of the lessening in their financing. Even though these non-governmental organizations have built up little income streams for profit yet, they are not completely accomplishment their potential in building up stable income streams. There are a few cases of income generation by non-governmental organizations previously. The ascent of Social Entrepreneurship methodologies in the non-governmental organization's sector is for the most part because of the mushroom development of a few network based associations and reductions out in the private and public funding. These reductions have constrained non-governmental organizations to receive a capitalist attitude gladly or reluctantly. Economic failure is a definitive goal for some non-governmental organizations which keep on focusing on speculation one way. If these NGOs do not return to their practices and approach, they will disconnect and move back their activities. They have to comprehend that it is not their heirs that need to reconstruct their existence yet it is also the administration traditions that should be updated by implementing the consumer standards.  The writer concedes that changing the money related models of non-governmental organizations or aid associations into Social ventures. Nations such as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan where disasters and natural calamities visit much of the time, auto financing model will not assist numerous non-governmental organizations with meeting the prompt needs of flood or earthquake affected individuals.

In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Social Entrepreneurship is growing quietly. The limits between public institutions and private companies are decreasing. It is not just including non-governmental organizations, however gainful organizations to consider unheard of options for their growth and survival. This breaking of hindrances implies that NGOs need to gain from organizations and organizations need to take in something from non-governmental organizations. The idea of SE is not old in the Islamic Republic of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It is not a novel idea just for classified corporations, non-governmental organizations and government institutions but as well as for the benefactor organizations. Contributor has constantly laid incredible significance on the maintainability of the sponsored schemes previously. However, currently, they need to receive larger and bigger access to get the entire association in showing procedure by noticing at the management and capacity proceeding of associations for supporting their activities and accomplishing the deep-rooted effect.

1.5. Qualities of Social Entrepreneurship

A few attributes which make social entrepreneurs not quite the same as different sorts of the enterprise; According to Lan et al. (2014) "Social Entrepreneurs is unique about others in the manner in which that they have experienced early in their life of feeling ground-breaking, and that assist them to enact their potential. On the other hand, they additionally have a tendency to have had a similar involvement in their lives that was difficult. Moreover, this is one of the main cause that they have exceptionally solid sentiments about unfairness. They also have individuals in their lives that are profoundly a mother, a teacher, ethical-a father, a grandfather, maybe some person who urged them to carry on with a decent life is not sufficient to go out there and seek success or make wealth in a simply money-oriented sense.

1.6. Challenges in Pakistan Faced by Social Entrepreneurship

According to Peredo and McLean (2006) they pointed that there are in any case huge challenges and hurdles that several Social Entrepreneurs or Entrepreneurship have to face and that delay the passage of new social entrepreneurial endeavors. The following are some main challenges that have to face by Social Entrepreneurship in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are.   

1.7. Lack of Corporate Atmosphere

The advancement of SE is not conceivable without a strong corporate atmosphere that motivates and helps individuals to set out upon another excursion. The corporate atmosphere must be made if the administration of the government perceives and comprehends the possible responses. The social venture can play in conveying the administration's motivation and plan. The Pakistani state has perceived the significance of medium and small-sized trade associations yet have not built up any agenda or policy to place Social venture at the focal point of its community change strategy. A social venture is the quickest developing area on the planet. Numerous nations have found a way to build up an empowering situation for the progress and development of Social Enterprise. A couple of these nations are USA (the low income limited liability company), Portugal (social solidarity co-operative), India (section 25 company), UK (shaped a separate legal body such as the society interest corporation), Spain (social initiative supportive), Italy (social cooperative) and Greece (social co-agent with constrained obligation).

1.8. The absence of Financial Assistance 

One of the main protest face by the Social businessmen in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is Lack of financial support Lack of financial resources. Generally, the SE do the businesses by using their assets, or once in a while; they raise subsidizes by a high rate of enthusiasm from nearby cash loan specialists, which turns into a budgetary weight on social business people. In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, banks are also not willing to offer simple credits to Social Entrepreneurs for social purposes due to the Rules and Regulations of the banking system. The government needs to help social business visionaries for the wellbeing economy of the country.

1.9. Lack of Social Entrepreneurism Learning

Social Entrepreneurismis as yet a novel approach for numerous technical and educational organizations of the nation. Training and learning could be an excellent foundation for creating and making SE. Courses are accessible on BE, yet there have no cases of particular educational programs on Social Entrepreneurism. It is mostly because of the information gap amongst main partners about the idea of Social Entrepreneurism. Because of this space in the technical and educational organizations, the social enterprise area is yet struggling and undersized. This absence of Social Entrepreneurism information introduces the main hindrance to making a growing age of Social Entrepreneurism.

1.10. Little or No Support from the State

The support of Government in the area of SE is nearly little. It is for the most part because of the knowledge and information break in the area of Social Entrepreneurism. Given the economic and social difficulties face by the nation, Social Entrepreneurism can be the main encouraging methodology to manage these difficulties and confronts. There is a desperate requirement to make settings at both macro and micro stages by the State to make ready for SE in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

1.11. Lack of Trained Labor Force

Social venture does not have the advantage of procuring the ultimate skilled and taught individuals from the general public. They need to focus around distinguishing individuals from low-wage and burdened families with no experience or less education. It requires a considerable effort and time to prepare and teach these individuals that introduces the greatest challenge as Social ventures need to understand their aim and task in an all-encompassing way (environmental, financial and social) frequently.

1.12. Lack of Donors’ Support

International organizations and donors are assuming an imperative part in gatherings the neglected administration needs of our general public. There are not very many International organizations and donors which are approaching onward the plan of social business in the nation. The thought of Social Entrepreneurism is not novel for private and public associations. However, it is very novel for a considerable lot of the worldwide foundations and donors.

1.13. Cultural and Social Values

Cultural and Social Values in the country zones occasionally make issues and troubles for Social Enterprises to work. Because of the mushroom development of Non-Governmental Organizations and donations based associations in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Individuals are exceptionally hesitant to give a minimal rate for any assistance. It replicates the absence of information of the local societies in recognizing Non-Governmental Organizations and Social Enterprises.

1.14. Lack of Investigation and Research

It is exceptionally lamentable that there is not any information accessible relating to the Social Entrepreneurism area in the Islamic Republic of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It is maybe the cause that SE has been confronting more noteworthy difficulties and challenges in looking for the more noteworthy consideration from the distinctive sectors.

1.15. Facing Competition from Others

Social entrepreneur manages the wellbeing of the community, and their fundamental concentration is to discover the simple or moderate answers for various community issues or Problems". But we realize that each action of social business conveys a cost, which is for the most part paid by the business visionaries from their pockets. A social entrepreneur is dependable in search of "to procure some benefit" by giving the best answer for the issues, faced by the community. But the fundamental disadvantage Is, the predictable business also comes with the challenge of a social enterprise with a similar solution and technique. These conventional organizations make their imposing business model by rising cost or Investment In the marketplace. They begin hampering the future development of social entrepreneurship and businesses in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Figure-1. Challenges Faced by Social entrepreneurship

Source: Youth Engagement Services (YES) Network Pakistan

2. METHOD

Qualitative research (scientific method) have been utilized for the current investigation. The ethnic methodology includes both first-hand information and second-hand information sources. The primary source includes experience and straight inspection of the investigator on implementing and designing an extensive variety of social business enterprise ventures for the incorporation in the private and public organizations of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The secondary source includes journals, review of books, authentic websites, articles and so forth.

2.1. How Social Entrepreneurship Can Expand the Economy of Pakistan

The following are some main characteristics in the context of Social Entrepreneurship that would be helpful to develop or improve the economy of Islamic Republic of Pakistan:

2.2. Creation of Jobs

According to Parker (2018) Social entrepreneurship is an essential source for the making or creation of employment and jobs. "Not exclusively can social enterprises offer greater work they can go about as a supporter and promotes for employing people from outside the standard suspects." There is a considerable measure of chances, which are made by Social Entrepreneurship for unemployment. According to Sijabat (2015) she tried to know better the role of social entrepreneurship in allowing the economic opportunities for the poor people. The study was developed based on the review and survey of the literature. It was found that social entrepreneurship has expanded access to financial sources, granted people empowerment, and social inclusion, creating jobs and promoting the utilization of social innovations by reducing social problems. The initial three variables or factors make money for poor people, consequently empowering economic opportunities, while the latter wipes out the hardship of abilities that enable the poor to included and act in monetary activities.

2.3. Improving Social Trade / Investments

Social Entrepreneurship is a primary foundation in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan that brings diverse trades and social investment. As indicated by Tim (2017) Social enterprise incorporates fair trade, B corps, microfinance, incubators, and other profit or non-profit market intercessions with a measurable and defined social impact. Moreover, Social entrepreneurs are also contributing to the economic development around the world, cultural sustainability and the dynamic shift in social justice (Kirton and Maclaren, 2018).

Effect venture is completely related with social business. Global Impact Investing Network characterizes effect contributing as "ventures made into associations, finances and organizations with the expectation to create environmental and social effect close by a monetary return" (Board, 2014). GIIN stress " the significance of purposefulness in currently looking for coordinate interests and straight financing in social enterprises/business with high environmental and social impact outcomes and also, the prospect of monetary return. This demonstrates how social business enterprise upgrades the interest and investment in the economy of the nation. The World Economic Forum contends that effect contributing is an investment approach that purposefully looks to make and create both positive social or environmental impact and financial return that is effectively estimated (Forum, 2013). 

2.4. Social Innovations

Social innovation is clarified as the changing behavior of artists participated in a system, prompting as good as ever methods for community activity inside the group and outside. Social innovation can give to varying conduct or behavior over various institutional situations, across public and market sectors, and to improving base up mindful creativity towards incorporation of environmental, economic and social objectives (Soma et al., 2018). Furthermore, social innovation narrates with the maintainability rule to activating innovation, searches for long-term solutions and economic growth. As such it is achievable to suggest social innovation as a possible means to improve productivity, increase the flow of goods and market size, consumption rise and inducement economic growth.

Social entrepreneurship is also identified as innovation and innovators shaves an immediate effect on the economy of any nation. Social entrepreneurship is also famous for imaginative economic and inventive industries. Innovations always facilitate and help to support and improve the economy. Hilde (2017) Chairperson and Co-Founder, Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, stated that social entrepreneurs and their innovations encouraging comprehensive economic development and growth. She further clarified that social entrepreneurship is the main impetus behind the developments that enhance the personal satisfaction of people all over the world, which also assists in developing and increasing the economy.

During the past decade, there has been an amazing surge of enthusiasm for social innovations as an approach to accomplish practical economic development and growth (Urama and Acheampong, 2013).

2.5. Poverty Mitigation

Social entrepreneurship is seen as a method for skirmishing neediness and poverty, with the quest for an entrepreneurial system (Diochon, 2013). Several studies showed that opening up of exchange positively affects poverty reduction (Lateh, 2018). Social entrepreneurship has a promising way to deal with wipe out the reasons for poverty, which assists in developing and improving the economy. Social entrepreneurship does projects that might be for-profit or non-profit. But the need is much of the time on using market arranged activities to make a structural change that improves the lives of people. Social entrepreneurship has the particular ability in the monetary ecosystem (Chandra, 2017).

According to Maksimov et al. (2017) social entrepreneurship is an effective method for poverty alleviation and financial advancement in lower income and bankrupted regions of the world. The outcomes of social entrepreneurship on the annihilation of poverty and expands income for the recipients of microfinance are at best case inconclusive (Kareem, 2015).

Figure-2. Growth and Progress of Pakistani economy by SE

Source: Youth Engagement Services (YES) Network Pakistan

3. CONCLUSIONS

The main motivation behind this article is to pick up a comprehension about the most recent improvements in the area of social enterprise in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It will not be correct to state that Social Entrepreneurismas training dependably survived in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In the wake of accomplishing autonomy from the United Kingdom in ninety forty-seven (1947), there has dependably been issues and issue thinkers. Social Entrepreneurism as an idea is presented newly in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The term SE is simply rising. It is fundamentally because of the commitments of a few international and local associations and institutions.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan gives the incredible stage to Social Entrepreneurism. There is a considerable measure of ability undiscovered owing to social economics condition that delays the development of industrial ability and aptitude. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan has a massive analytical and demographic change in the state of the youth populace which implies that a great deal of undiscovered ability is accessible. On the off chance that it is appropriately saddled and acknowledged, it can quicken the speed of social economics advancement in the nation. Constitutional sources of info could play an important responsibility in giving an empowering situation to the advancement of Social Entrepreneurism. There are numerous solid motivations to advance Social Entrepreneurism between youngsters of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It does work for the youngsters. It assists the CSO and government in tiding into the vigor of youngsters to discover innovative ways, explanations, and thoughts for helping the requirements of the general public.

The strength of Social Entrepreneurism is urgently required in the non-governmental organization's segment as well. Numerous NGOs in Pakistan are truly standing up to asset shortage due to consistently expanding subsidizing gap. The eventual fate of these NGOs depends on their capacity to supplant unmerited pay procedures by different means. Social Entrepreneurship answers the most problems which are being looked at by the non-governmental organizations, that is; the manner by which to achieve continuous economical or sustainable impact. The opportunity has already come and gone for the State of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to perceive SE as a reasonable system to accomplish its formative objectives by making the strong and great environment for individuals and associations. Social Entrepreneurism gives a venturi system to productive organizations to discover innovative marketplaces and achieve community goal.

3.1. Future Implications

As a new and rising idea, social enterprise (SE) gives extraordinary chances for potential investigation. The current article may provide a few future guidance. Currently, there are requirements to lift insightful intrigue in the area of social enterprise for the experimentation and development. The local and national government should need to boost the consciousness among their societies about the third segment association for the creation/improving social capital. Numerous individuals and associations regard social business as a sub-class of enterprise, the need to recognize social business as a particular field since it provides great value to social esteem formation. National arrangements should bolster welfare exercises of social endeavors in light of a legitimate concern for people in general.

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Contributors/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study.

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