Abstract
The development in the eco-friendly and cost-effective green synthesis of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles utilizing several natural resources like microorganisms, plant, flower and fruit extracts is an emerging area of nanotechnology. In recent years, the development of efficient green chemistry methods for synthesis of metal nanoparticles has become a major focus of researchers. One of the most considered methods is production of metal nanoparticles using organisms. Among these organisms plants seem to be the best candidates and they are suitable for large-scale biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable and the rate of synthesis is faster than in the case of microorganisms. Moreover, the nanoparticles are more various in shape and size in comparison with those produced by other organisms. The advantages of using plant and plant-derived materials for biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles have interested researchers to investigate mechanisms of metal ions uptake and bioreduction by plants, and to understand the possible mechanism of metal nanoparticle formation in plants. In this review, most of the plants used in metal nanoparticle synthesis are shown. Researchers have focused their attention on understanding the biological mechanisms and enzymatic processes of nanoparticle biosynthesis as well as detection and characterization of biomolecules involved in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Many biomolecules in plants such as proteins/enzymes, amino acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, alcoholic compounds, and vitamins could be involved in bioreduction, formation and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. Genetic modification of plants with improved metal accumulation capacities is the future approach to increase the productivity of these organisms in nanoparticle synthesis.
Keywords: Nano-silver, Plants, Plants extracts, Eco-friendly method, Metals.
Received: 22 April 2019 / Revised: 29 May 2019 / Accepted: 3 July 2019/ Published: 1 August 2019
Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to develop the efficient green chemistry methods which have investigated synthesis of metal nanoparticles
1. INTRODUCTION
Ag-NPs are much quickly developing class with 438 commercially produced nano-products in global markets [1]. It is being utilized in batteries, photography, channels [2] textures [3] catalysts [4] sensors [5] materials [6] medication [7] anticancer [8] antimicrobial [9] and agents for antifungal [10]. Moreover, the silver could likewise consolidate with different components or mixes for different purposes. Over the top applications of these particles likewise increment release into amphibian habitats and exist in colloidal structure. These particles influence lethality to invertebrate or vertebrate cell lines by creation of reactive oxygen species [11] apoptosis [12] diminished mitochondrial work [13] lipid peroxidation of layers [14] and exhaustion for oxidative stress marker [15]. Besides, Ag-NPs create oxidative trauma in targeted organism [16]. Essentially capability of plant material contributes in amalgamation of metal particles to NPs [17]. This inherent, potentially, is a result of plant metabolites which could be mistreated as lessening and capping agents; and is collectively accessible [18]. Forming of nano-materials, by what are known as green biosynthetic conventions methods, is the natural tendency in the recent age among specialist’s researchers. Nano-materials mostly are metal and semiconductor nanoparticles which can be synthesized by utilizing natural resources, for example, microorganisms, plant and extraction of natural fruits as well as tissues of some animals as promising as source for agents reduction and stabilization [19]. Nanoparticles have been produced physically and chemically for a long time, but recent developments show the critical role of microorganisms and biological systems in production of metal nanoparticles Figure 1.
Figure-1. Some of important manufacturing methods used in nanoparticle synthesis.
Source: Iravani [19].
Eco-green creation of nanomaterials and their potential applications particularly in biomedical regions dispatches the possibility of nanobiotechnology. The general cost adequacy and ecological benevolence when contrasted with chemical techniques for nanosynthesis are the most concerned advantages of biosynthesis. Biological processes, for example, microorganisms (magnetotactic microscopic organisms, diatoms) are equipped for creating the functional superstructures of inorganic nanomaterials, for example, calcite, magnetite, and amorphous silica [20]. In biosystems, shape controlled production of nanomaterials has been achieved either by development in controlled conditions, for example, membrane, vesicles or by utilizing a several useful molecules such as polypeptides which can expressly tie to distinct crystallographic planes or features of inorganic surfaces [21]. Synthesizing of Ag and Au nanoparticles utilizing Neolamarckia Cadamba roses separation had been accounted and reported in some literaturesAnkamwar, et al. [22]; Ankamwar, et al. [23]; Jaafar, et al. [24]. Ankamwar, et al. [25] used the biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles which they synthesized using Neolamarckia cadamba plant extraction. Effective SERS dynamic substrate and pathogens like microorganisms and infections were distinguished quickly from culture free clinical example. As of late, Ankamwar, et al. [26] claimed that the morphology is affected by catalyst potential of biosynthesized gold and silver nanoparticles acquired by extraction of Piper betle plant. Different methodologies were diploid and developed for AgNPs synthesizing using physical and chemical techniques like, electrochemical [27] Ɣ-radiation [28] photochemical [29] laser ablation [30] chemical reactions [31] and as of late by means of green technologies or methods [32].
Silver based complexes are less expensive less complexity than gold based as production procese; in addition, silver nanoparticles are currently considered as an imperative kind of nanomaterials. Ag NPs, principally, are investigated and utilized as catalysts and are implemented widely in researches Figure 2 [33].
Figure-2. Synthesized AgNPs by an eco-friendly method from plant extract.
Source: Ana-Alexandra, et al. [34].
As of late, seven medicinal plants were tested for antibacterial potential, the outcome showed that the methnolic concentrate of Phyllanthus niruri (stone breaker) was discovered to be effective strongly against Staphylococcus sp, while the solution and methanolic fraction had least action in contrast with methanolic Selvamohan, et al. [35]. Ahmad, et al. [36] reported a research studying extracellular extraction of silver nanoparticles using eukaryotic system like fungi. They demonstrated that discharged catalysts are capable in the process reduction. Extracellular creation is invaluable as the synthesizing of nanoparticles will not bind the biomass [37] and it is along these lines conceivable to expand this methodology for the biosynthesis of nanomaterials over a scope of chemical compostions, for example, oxides, nitrides, and so forth.
2. CONCLUSION
Several chemical, physical and biological synthetic methods utilized in production of nanoparticles metal. Most of these methods are still in the development stage and the problems experienced are stability and aggregation of nanoparticles, control of crystal growth, morphology, size and size distribution. Moreover, separation of produced nanoparticles for further applications is still an important issue.
| Funding: This project is supported by the Al-Nahrain, Nizwa, Kebangsaan Malaysia Universities and Al-Mansour University College. |
| Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. |
| Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. |
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