Evaluating quality management in private universities: A context-input-process-output model approach

Abstract

This study applies the Context-Input-Process-Outcome (CIPO) model to assess quality management practices in private universities, focusing on identifying key influencing factors, evaluating their feasibility, and proposing strategic improvements. A total of 586 participants, including students and faculty members, were surveyed using a structured instrument covering 22 indicators across all CIPO dimensions. Data analysis, employing fuzzy logic and t-tests, reveals that measures such as adherence to accreditation standards (mean = 4.25) and faculty development initiatives (mean = 4.50) are highly valued. However, a significant feasibility gap (mean = 3.75) highlights challenges in practical implementation. Key obstacles include financial constraints, conflicting stakeholder priorities, and limited internal capacity, all of which complicate the effective implementation of quality management strategies. The study underscores the value of adopting data-driven approaches that incorporate stakeholder feedback and technological tools to make quality management initiatives more practical and effective. Additionally, fostering stronger collaboration between universities, regulatory agencies, and industry partners is essential to address implementation challenges and ensure that quality assurance efforts are responsive to real-world needs. By applying the CIPO model within the specific context of private universities, this research offers insights that can help educational leaders and policymakers refine quality management frameworks, ultimately contributing to meaningful and sustainable improvements in higher education.