Chinese police image in official media and public perception: Narratives, convergences, and gaps

Abstract

This study aims to explore the degree of alignment between the police image constructed by Chinese state media and public perception, filling a significant gap in current research on the legitimacy of Chinese policing. Employing an inductive qualitative design based on the Gioia methodology and grounded theory coding techniques, the study analyzed 324 news reports published by major state media outlets between August 2024 and August 2025, as well as in-depth interviews with 30 Chinese residents. The analysis identifies seven aggregate dimensions in each dataset and demonstrates both convergence and divergence between media representations and public perceptions. While official media predominantly portray the police as justice guardians, public servants, and dedicated, morally upright professionals, citizens also emphasize the ordinariness of police officers, their exercise of power, and the presence of bureaucratic or crisis-related issues. These findings reveal a symbolic legitimacy gap between idealized narratives and lived experiences. The study contributes empirically grounded evidence on police image formation in contemporary China and provides practical implications for narrowing perceptual divides. It highlights the importance of balanced media communication, enhanced procedural fairness, and participatory public engagement to strengthen the credibility and social embeddedness of police work. By integrating institutional narratives with experiential perspectives, the research offers actionable recommendations for building a more trusted and resonant police image.