Intelligent virtual laboratories in higher education: Benefits and perspectives from an integrative review

Abstract

Intelligent virtual laboratories (IVLs) are transforming higher education by integrating digital simulations, artificial intelligence, and accessibility, thereby enhancing access, autonomy, and the development of transferable skills. Additionally, these environments provide immersive and safe experiences that foster active learning and experimentation without incurring physical or financial risks. However, they face technological, pedagogical, instructional, and institutional challenges, as well as resistance and technological gaps. It is also essential to consider teacher training and technological infrastructure as key elements for the effective implementation of this initiative. This study aims to analyze the advantages and prospects of IVLs in universities, considering their pedagogical and strategic impact. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining bibliometric analysis (utilizing Scopus, Python, and VOSviewer) with a systematic review (conducted using PRISMA). Recent and relevant studies on intelligent virtual laboratories in higher education were selected for review. Qualitative analysis was performed using ATLAS.ti, allowing for an in-depth and contextualized interpretation. Results show sustained growth in IVL-related publications since 2000, primarily in engineering, with a concentration in a few journals, and strong leadership from the Global North. After screening 2,187 records, 34 key articles were analyzed, highlighting the complex challenges IVLs face. Additionally, inter-institutional collaboration and formal certification emerge as crucial for consolidation and quality improvement. Finally, it is concluded that the future of innovative virtual laboratories will depend on global cooperation, educational innovation, and digital equity. In conclusion, IVLs are transforming higher education by expanding access and digital competencies, but require adequate institutional conditions and collaboration to overcome global gaps.